Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
Noam Bar, Tal Korem, Omer Weissbrod, David Zeevi, Daphna Rothschild, Sigal Leviatan, Noa Kosower, Maya Lotan-Pompan, Adina Weinberger & Eran Segal
Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
Noam Bar, Tal Korem, Omer Weissbrod, David Zeevi, Daphna Rothschild, Sigal Leviatan, Noa Kosower, Maya Lotan-Pompan, Adina Weinberger & Eran Segal
Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
Tal Korem
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
Tal Korem
CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, CIFAR, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Tal Korem
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
Omer Weissbrod
Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
David Zeevi
Department for Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
Caroline I. Le Roy, Cristina Menni, Alessia Visconti, Mario Falchi & Tim D. Spector
Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
Jerzy Adamski
Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
Jerzy Adamski
Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Jerzy Adamski
Lund University Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Paul W. Franks
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
Paul W. Franks
The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Henrik Vestergaard, Manimozhiyan Arumugam, Torben Hansen, Kristine Allin, Tue Hansen & Oluf Pedersen
Bornholms Hospital, Rønne, Denmark
Henrik Vestergaard
Affinity Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
Mun-Gwan Hong, Jochen Schwenk, Ragna Haussler & Matilda Dale
Biophysics Institute (IBF-CNR), National Research Council of Italy, Milan, Italy
Toni Giorgino
Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Toni Giorgino
Biotech & Biomarkers Research Department, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Croissy sur Seine, France
Marianne Rodriquez
Blood Sciences, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
Mandy Perry, Rachel Nice & Timothy McDonald
Institute of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
Timothy McDonald, Andrew Hattersley & Angus Jones
Therapeutic Area CNS, Retinopathies and Emerging Areas, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
Ulrike Graefe-Mody
Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
Patrick Baum & Rolf Grempler
Affinity Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
Cecilia Engel Thomas
Disease Systems Biology Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Cecilia Engel Thomas, Federico De Masi, Caroline Anna Brorsson, Gianluca Mazzoni, Rosa Allesøe, Simon Rasmussen, Valborg Gudmundsdóttir, Agnes Martine Nielsen, Karina Banasik, Konstantinos Tsirigos, Birgitte Nilsson, Helle Pedersen, Søren Brunak, Tugce Karaderi, Agnete Troen Lundgaard & Joachim Johansen
Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
Cecilia Engel Thomas, Federico De Masi, Caroline Anna Brorsson, Gianluca Mazzoni, Rosa Allesøe, Simon Rasmussen, Valborg Gudmundsdóttir, Agnes Martine Nielsen, Karina Banasik, Konstantinos Tsirigos, Birgitte Nilsson, Helle Pedersen, Søren Brunak, Tugce Karaderi, Agnete Troen Lundgaard, Joachim Johansen, Ramneek Gupta & Peter Wad Sackett
Clinical Operations, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
Joachim Tillner
Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
Thorsten Lehr, Nina Scherer, Christiane Dings & Iryna Sihinevich
Clinical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
Heather Loftus & Louise Cabrelli
Clinical Research Facility, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Donna McEvoy
CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
Andrea Mari, Roberto Bizzotto & Andrea Tura
Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology Section, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Leen ’t Hart
Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Leen ’t Hart, Koen Dekkers, Nienke van Leeuwen & Roderick Slieker
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam UMC- location VUmc, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Leen ’t Hart, Roderick Slieker, Femke Rutters, Joline Beulens, Giel Nijpels, Anitra Koopman, Sabine van Oort & Lenka Groeneveld
Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, CRC, Malmö, Sweden
Leif Groop
Department of General Practice, Amsterdam UMC- location VUmc, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Petra Elders
Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
Ana Viñuela, Anna Ramisch & Emmanouil Dermitzakis
Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
Beate Ehrhardt & Christopher Jennison
Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
Philippe Froguel
Université de Lille, INSERM UMR 1283, CNRS UMR 8199, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EGID, Lille, France
Philippe Froguel, Mickaël Canouil & Amélie Boneford
Diabetes Research Network, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Ian McVittie & Dianne Wake
Digital and Data Sciences, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
Francesca Frau
Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
Hans-Henrik Staerfeldt
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
Kofi Adragni, Melissa Thomas & Han Wu
Eli Lilly Regional Operations GmbH, Vienna, Austria
Imre Pavo & Birgit Steckel-Hamann
Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Henrik Thomsen
Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, CRC, Lund University, SUS, Malmö, Sweden
Giuseppe Nicola Giordano, Hugo Fitipaldi, Martin Ridderstråle, Azra Kurbasic, Naeimeh Atabaki Pasdar, Hugo Pomares-Millan, Pascal Mutie & Robert Koivula
Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Robert Koivula, Nicky McRobert, Mark McCarthy & Agata Wesolowska-Andersen
Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
Mark McCarthy
Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Mark McCarthy, Anubha Mahajan, Moustafa Abdalla & Juan Fernandez
Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
Reinhard Holl
Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Alison Heggie & Harshal Deshmukh
Therapeutic Area CardioMetabolism and Respiratory Medicine, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
Anita Hennige, Susanna Bianzano & Hartmut Ruetten
Institute of Epidemiology II, Research Unit of Diabetes Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
Barbara Thorand
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
Barbara Thorand, Sapna Sharma & Harald Grallert
Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
Sapna Sharma, Harald Grallert, Jonathan Adam & Martina Troll
Medizinische Universitätsklinik Tübingen, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Andreas Fritsche
NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
Anita Hill, Claire Thorne & Michelle Hudson
Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
Teemu Kuulasmaa, Jagadish Vangipurapu, Markku Laakso, Henna Cederberg & Tarja Kokkola
Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Yunlong Jiao, Stephen Gough & Neil Robertson
Inserm, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille Pasteur Institute, EGID, Lille, France
Helene Verkindt, Violeta Raverdi, Robert Caiazzo & Francois Pattou
Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
Margaret White, Louise Donnelly, Andrew Brown, Colin Palmer, David Davtian, Adem Dawed, Ian Forgie & Ewan Pearson
R&D Global Development, Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology (TMCP), Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
Petra Musholt
Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
Jimmy Bell, Elizabeth Louise Thomas & Brandon Whitcher
Research Unit of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
Mark Haid
Lilly Deutschland GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany
Claudia Nicolay
Centre for Health, Law and Emerging Technologies (HeLEX), Faculty of Law, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Miranda Mourby, Jane Kaye, Nisha Shah & Harriet Teare
Technologies (HeLEX), Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
Jane Kaye
Section for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
Gary Frost
Strategy and Innovation, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
Bernd Jablonka
Systems Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
Mathias Uhlen
Section for Nutrition Research, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
Rebeca Eriksen
The Novo Nordisk Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Josef Vogt, Avirup Dutta, Anna Jonsson, Line Engelbrechtsen, Annemette Forman & Nadja Sondertoft
Translational and Clinical Research, Metabolism Innovation Pole, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France
Nathalie de Preville & Tania Baltauss
Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Mark Walker
Diabetes Division, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
Johann Gassenhuber
VO Endokrinologi, Enheten för Diabetesstudier, Skånes Universitetssjukhus i Lund, Lund, Sweden
Maria Klintenberg & Margit Bergstrom
Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunye, Centre Esther Koplowitz, Barcelona, Spain
Jorge Ferrer
N.B. and T.K. conceived the project, designed and conducted all analyses, interpreted the results and wrote the manuscript, and are listed in arbitrary order. O.W. and D.Z. designed statistical analyses. D.R. and S.L. conducted microbiome analysis. N.K. coordinated and designed data collection. M.L.-P. and A.W. developed protocols, performed microbiome sequencing and processed serum samples. A.W. designed the project and oversaw sample collection and processing. C.I.L.R., C.M., A.V., M.F. and T.D.S. performed the replication analysis on the TwinsUK cohort. J.A., P.W.F. and O.P. performed the replication analysis on the IMI DIRECT cohort. E.S. conceived and directed the project and analyses, designed the analyses, interpreted the results and wrote the manuscript.
